|
Jian carp Cyprinus carpio
|
Juvenile iBW1 = 7.78 g
|
80
|
35% FM2; 20.5% Rice Gluten Meal; CP3 = 33% Substitution of glycine by Gln
|
0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0
|
Performance
|
[32]
|
|
Percent weight gain, feed efficiency, and productive protein linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards.
|
|
Gut morphology and activity
|
|
Intestine fold height, and gut
| |
|
length and weight linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards.
|
|
Protease, lipase, AKP, and Na,K-ATPase activities linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards in the 3 segments of gut.
|
|
Hybrid sturgeon Acipencer schrenckii × Huso dauricus
|
Juvenile iBW = 22.38 g
|
56
|
20% SBM2; 10% Blood Meal; 20% FM; 8% Corn Protein; CP = 44.8% Substitution of SPC2 by HWG2 (0 to 5%) or by Aln-Gln (1%)
|
0, 0.63* 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5**
|
Performance
|
[28, 29]
|
|
Relative Growth Rate and feed efficiency linearly increase from 0 to 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln.
|
|
Gut morphology and activity
|
|
Intestine fold height, and gut length and weight linearly increase from 0 to 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln. Protease, amylase, lipase, and Na,K-ATPase activities linearly increase until 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln in the 3 segments of gut.
|
|
Immune response and antioxidant status
|
|
Glutathione peroxydase, glutataione, and superoxide dismutase concentrations linearly increase whereas malondialdehyde concentrations decrease until 1.2% Gln in HWG and with free Gln in intestine, hepatopancreas, and muscle.
|
|
Modulation of serum non-specific immune parameters according to a quadratic response with 0 to 1.5% Gln in HWG. Linearly increase of serum concentrations of C3 and C4 with addition of free Gln.
|
|
Hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis
|
Juvenile iBW = 4.12 g
|
56
|
34.6% Menhaden FM; 29.6% SBM; CP = 45% Substitution of glycine by Gln
|
0, 1, 2
|
Performance
|
[27]
|
|
Specific Growth Rate and feed efficiency increase with 1% of Gln, not with 2%.
|
|
Gut morphology
| |
|
No change in pyloric caeca. Enterocyte and microvillus heights in distal intestine and fold length in the proximal intestine increase with Gln. Immune response Higher serum lysozyme activity with 1% Gln. Increased extracellular superoxide anion production with 1% and 2% Gln.
|
|
Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus
|
Juvenile iBW = 6.1 g
|
70
|
13.4% casein; 3.76% gelatine; 7.1% of amino-acid premix; CP = 28%
|
0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3
|
Performance
|
[26]
|
|
No significant effect on growth performance. Increase of lipids in carcasses with 2 and 3% Gln.
|
| | | | | |
Gut morphology Mucosal fold length, enterocyte height and microvilli height increase until 2% Gln in the 3 segments of intestine.
| |
