Table 1 Effects of adding glutamine on growth performance, gut structure and activity, and immune parameters in different species of fish
Species | Physiologic status | Trial period (d) | Proteins in diets | Glutamine (Gln% in diet) | Main results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jian carp Cyprinus carpio | Juvenile iBW1 = 7.78 g | 80 | 35% FM2; 20.5% Rice Gluten Meal; CP3 = 33% Substitution of glycine by Gln | 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 | Performance | [32] |
Percent weight gain, feed efficiency, and productive protein linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards. | ||||||
Gut morphology and activity | ||||||
Intestine fold height, and gut | ||||||
length and weight linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards. | ||||||
Protease, lipase, AKP, and Na,K-ATPase activities linearly increase until 1.2% and reach a plateau afterwards in the 3 segments of gut. | ||||||
Hybrid sturgeon Acipencer schrenckii × Huso dauricus | Juvenile iBW = 22.38 g | 56 | 20% SBM2; 10% Blood Meal; 20% FM; 8% Corn Protein; CP = 44.8% Substitution of SPC2 by HWG2 (0 to 5%) or by Aln-Gln (1%) | 0, 0.63* 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5** | Performance | |
Relative Growth Rate and feed efficiency linearly increase from 0 to 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln. | ||||||
Gut morphology and activity | ||||||
Intestine fold height, and gut length and weight linearly increase from 0 to 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln. Protease, amylase, lipase, and Na,K-ATPase activities linearly increase until 1.2% of Gln in HWG and increase with free Gln in the 3 segments of gut. | ||||||
Immune response and antioxidant status | ||||||
Glutathione peroxydase, glutataione, and superoxide dismutase concentrations linearly increase whereas malondialdehyde concentrations decrease until 1.2% Gln in HWG and with free Gln in intestine, hepatopancreas, and muscle. | ||||||
Modulation of serum non-specific immune parameters according to a quadratic response with 0 to 1.5% Gln in HWG. Linearly increase of serum concentrations of C3 and C4 with addition of free Gln. | ||||||
Hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis | Juvenile iBW = 4.12 g | 56 | 34.6% Menhaden FM; 29.6% SBM; CP = 45% Substitution of glycine by Gln | 0, 1, 2 | Performance | [27] |
Specific Growth Rate and feed efficiency increase with 1% of Gln, not with 2%. | ||||||
Gut morphology | ||||||
No change in pyloric caeca. Enterocyte and microvillus heights in distal intestine and fold length in the proximal intestine increase with Gln. Immune response Higher serum lysozyme activity with 1% Gln. Increased extracellular superoxide anion production with 1% and 2% Gln. | ||||||
Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus | Juvenile iBW = 6.1 g | 70 | 13.4% casein; 3.76% gelatine; 7.1% of amino-acid premix; CP = 28% | 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 | Performance | [26] |
No significant effect on growth performance. Increase of lipids in carcasses with 2 and 3% Gln. | ||||||
Gut morphology Mucosal fold length, enterocyte height and microvilli height increase until 2% Gln in the 3 segments of intestine. |