Table 2 Examples of recent environmental and health problems with toxic cyanobacteria
Toxin/Organism | Problem | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Microcystins (organism unknown) | Associated with deaths of Eared Grebes-Salton Sea, Calif. | [28] |
Anatoxin-a(s) (Anabaena sp) | Death of Crested Grebe, Black-necked Grebe, Coot, domestic ducks and geese Denmark and USA | [29] [30] |
Microcystin (organism unknown) | Net-Pen liver disease of Mari-cultured Atlantic Salmon: British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA | [14] Carmichael (unpubl. data) |
Microcystin (organism unknown) | Intestinal lesions of mari-cultured penniped shrimp: Hawaii, USA and Columbia, South America | Carmichael (unpublished) |
Microcystin (organism unknown) | Acute lethal liver disease of aqua-cultured stripped bass: California, USA | Carmichael (unpublished) |
Microcystin (organism unknown) | Acute lethal liver disease of aqua-cultured pond-raised catfish: Mississippi USA | [31] |
Microcystins (Microcystis aeruginosa) | Acute non-lethal toxicity in natural populations of trout and carp: England and Australia. | [32] [33] |
Microcystins | At least 52 human fatalities from use of contaminated municipal water in a hemodialysis clinic: Pernambuco, Brazil | [6] [34] |
Microcystins | Great Blue Heron mortalities | [12] |